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Unadopted roads, and the bill nobody expects

An unadopted road is a legal status rather than a description of the surface: the Highways Act 1980 defines a private street as one that is not a highway maintainable at the public expense. The liability that follows is the part worth knowing, because a council can carry out the work anyway and divide the cost between the properties fronting the street.

An unadopted road is one nobody is publicly obliged to maintain. The council can still carry out the work and divide the cost between the houses on it.

Equity release may involve a lifetime mortgage, secured against your property, or a home reversion plan. It will reduce the value of your estate and impact funding long-term care.

How this page is kept
Written by
Equity Release Facts editorial
Last checked
8 September 2026
Next review
8 March 2027

Adopted is a legal status, not a description of the surface

The Highways Act 1980 defines a private street as a street that is not a highway maintainable at the public expense. That is the whole of it. A road can be tarmacked, lit and busy and still be private, and a rough track or unmade lane can be adopted. What matters is who is obliged to maintain it, not what it looks like.

Adoption happens by agreement. Under section 38 a highway authority may agree to take on the maintenance of a highway, and where they do, the road becomes maintainable at public expense on the date the agreement specifies and the previous liability to maintain it is extinguished. Until that happens, it is not the council's road to mend.

Your title says what you have

Whether you have a right of way over the road, and whether you own part of it, is on the title register and plan. It is a few pounds from HM Land Registry and it is the document a solicitor will read.

Documents worth finding first →
The council can still do the work

Where a private street is not made up to the authority's satisfaction, section 205 lets them resolve to carry out street works. It is a power, not a duty, and it does not need the residents to ask.

And divide the bill between the houses

The Act says the expenses shall be apportioned between the premises fronting the street. Where they do only part of the street, the cost is apportioned between the houses fronting that part.

It is a liability attached to the property

That is why a solicitor asks about it and a valuer notes it. A potential shared bill of unknown size is a fact about the house, not about the current owner.

How your property gets valued →
Access is a separate question

Being on a private road and having a legal right to cross it are two different things. The right, if there is one, is in the title.

What lenders and valuers assess →

What the Act actually says about the work and the cost

Section 205 is worth reading in its own words, because the list of what "made up" means is longer than people expect and the cost consequence is stated flatly.

  • The trigger is a private street that is not, to the satisfaction of the street works authority, sewered, levelled, paved, metalled, flagged, channelled, made good and lighted.
  • Where that applies, the authority may from time to time resolve to execute street works.
  • The expenses incurred shall be apportioned between the premises fronting the street.
  • Where only part of the street is done, the expenses are apportioned only between the premises fronting that part.
  • The council must then prepare a specification, an estimate of the probable expenses and a provisional apportionment, so the figures are set out before the work rather than after.

What this page does not tell you, and why

It does not tell you whether any equity release provider would lend on a property with unadopted access, and it will not, because we hold no dated source from a named provider on the point. Criteria differ between lenders and change, and a page that invented a rule here would be exactly the thing the rest of this site exists not to do.

What can be said is the shape of it. Access and maintenance liability are among the things a valuer and a solicitor look at, for the same reason as everything else on a property page: whether the security could be sold. A specific answer needs an adviser putting the specific property to a specific lender.

Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

The Highways Act 1980 is the law for England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own highways legislation, and the sections quoted here should not be assumed to carry across.

If your property is in either, the position is a question for a solicitor practising there rather than something to read off this page.

What we are not telling you

Whether a lender would accept your property, and what your legal position on the road is. The first is a lending decision we hold no source on and will not guess at. The second is a question about your title that needs a solicitor who has read it. This page sets out the statutory framework and nothing more.

Worth knowing

Equity release may involve a lifetime mortgage, secured against your property, or a home reversion plan. It will reduce the value of your estate and impact funding long-term care.

Where this comes from
  1. 01 legislation.gov.uk · opened 8 September 2026 Highways Act 1980, section 203: Interpretation of Part XI (legislation.gov.uk) The definition of a private street as a street that is not a highway maintainable at the public expense, and that the private street works code means sections 205 to 218. The page states the section is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 8 September 2026.
  2. 02 legislation.gov.uk · opened 8 September 2026 Highways Act 1980, section 205: Street works in private streets (legislation.gov.uk) The trigger of a street not sewered, levelled, paved, metalled, flagged, channelled, made good and lighted to the authority's satisfaction; the power to resolve to execute street works; that the expenses shall be apportioned between the premises fronting the street, or fronting the part done; and the requirement to prepare a specification, an estimate of probable expenses and a provisional apportionment. Up to date with all changes in force on or before 8 September 2026.
  3. 03 legislation.gov.uk · opened 8 September 2026 Highways Act 1980, section 38: Power of highway authorities to adopt by agreement (legislation.gov.uk) That a highway authority may agree to undertake the maintenance of a highway, that the highway then becomes maintainable at the public expense on the date specified in the agreement, and that the previous liability to maintain it is extinguished. Up to date with all changes in force on or before 8 September 2026.
Worth obtaining before anybody applies

All of it is public, cheap and answerable before an application rather than during one.

  • Your title register and title plan HM Land Registry, for a few pounds. It shows what you own and what rights of way exist over the road.
  • Whether the road is adopted Your local highway authority. It is a question of legal status and they hold the answer.
  • Any road maintenance agreement or residents' arrangement Your own deeds and papers. A shared arrangement that already exists is much easier than one that does not.
  • Whether the council has ever resolved to do works The highway authority. A live or historic resolution under the private street works code is material.

Questions worth asking

Questions worth putting to the highway authority and to a solicitor.

  1. 01

    Is this road maintainable at the public expense?

    The statutory phrase, which is what decides it. "Is it adopted" gets the same answer but this wording avoids ambiguity.

  2. 02

    Has the authority ever resolved to carry out street works here?

    The power exists whether or not it has been used. A resolution, past or present, is a material fact.

  3. 03

    What rights of way does my title actually grant?

    Using a road for forty years is not the same as having a right to. Only the title settles it.

  4. 04

    Is there an existing maintenance arrangement between the residents?

    It affects both the practical position and how a solicitor reports on the property.

  5. 05

    Would this provider lend on a property with unadopted access?

    A question for the adviser and the lender. Criteria differ and nobody should be telling you the answer in advance.

Read next

What has changed on this page
  1. First publication. All three sections of the Highways Act 1980 opened on legislation.gov.uk the same day. The page states the statutory position for England and Wales only, and deliberately states no lender criteria, because no dated source from a named provider on unadopted access exists in our records.
How this page is kept
Written by
Equity Release Facts editorial
Last checked
8 September 2026
Next review
8 March 2027
Checked 10 September 2026
[6.20%]lowest lump sum rate, fixed for life[lender rate sheets] [6.44%]lowest drawdown rate[lender rate sheets] 43.5%most you could release at 70LTV schedule, July 2026 54%most you could release at 80 or overLTV schedule, July 2026 55Legal & General's youngest applicantL&G lending criteria, 6 September 2026 £0to pay each month unless you choose tosubject to lender terms [6 to 8 weeks]typical time from application to money £70,000Legal & General's minimum for a houseL&G lending criteria, 6 September 2026

Questions people ask about this

Short answers to the things that come up most. None of it is advice, and every figure on this page carries its source.

What is an unadopted road?

The Highways Act 1980 defines a private street as a street that is not a highway maintainable at the public expense. It is a legal status rather than a description of the surface, so a well-surfaced, lit road can be private, and a rough track can be adopted. What it decides is who is obliged to maintain it.

Who pays to maintain it?

Not the highway authority, because it is not obliged to. Where a private street is not sewered, levelled, paved, metalled, flagged, channelled, made good and lighted to the authority's satisfaction, section 205 of the Act lets them resolve to carry out street works, and the expenses shall be apportioned between the premises fronting the street.

Could I get a bill I never agreed to?

That is the risk the law creates. The power under section 205 belongs to the authority and does not depend on residents asking for the work. They must prepare a specification, an estimate of the probable expenses and a provisional apportionment, so the figures are set out beforehand, but the liability is attached to the properties fronting the street.

How does a road become adopted?

By agreement. Section 38 lets a highway authority agree to undertake the maintenance of a highway, and where they do, the road becomes maintainable at the public expense on the date specified in the agreement and the earlier liability to maintain it is extinguished. Until that agreement exists, it is not the council's road to repair.

Will a lender accept a property on an unadopted road?

We hold no dated source from any named provider on that point, so we are not going to tell you. Criteria differ between lenders and they change. What can be said is that access and maintenance liability are among the things a valuer and a solicitor examine, for the same reason as everything else: whether the property could be sold.

Worth knowing

Equity release may involve a lifetime mortgage, secured against your property, or a home reversion plan. It will reduce the value of your estate and impact funding long-term care.

Talk it through with an adviser

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One qualified equity release adviser. They will go through your figures and tell you if there is a better answer. It costs nothing and commits you to nothing.

Advice is required to proceed with equity release and there may be other options which better suit your circumstances. Only if your case completes would an advice fee be payable, and the adviser will tell you what theirs is before you commit to anything. Other lender and solicitor fees may apply.

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